metallic sounds produced by a motor vehicle engine when fuels do not have desired octane ratings. Koschmeider equationâMathematical relationship between visual range and the extinction coefficient. Land breezeâLake or seaward movement of air from land areas on calm
clear nights. Lapse rateâRate of temperature change with height. LD50/LC50âDose of an ingested or injected toxicant
or concentration of an inhaled substance
that will kill 50% of the animals being tested. LeachingâLoss of plant nutrients from forest trees and soils associated with acidic deposition. LeadâCriteria pollutant that poses adverse exposure risks to humans and animals. Lead alkylsâOrganic lead additives used in gasolines to reduce knock and increase engine performance. Lean-burn combustionâMotor vehicle operation that utilizes air:fuel ratios higher than the stochiometric ratio. Legionnairesâ diseaseâInfectious pneumonia-type disease associated with Legionella pneumophila-contammated cooling towers
whirlpool spas
hot tubs
and hot water heaters. Limestone scrubbingâUse of a limestone slurry to remove SO2 from flue gases. Limit of detection (LOD)âLowest concentration of a substance that can be accurately quantified. Lognormal distributionâEnvironmental data that have been transformed into logarithmic values to form a normal distribution when plotted on semilogarithmic graph paper. London-type smogâSmog produced when pollutants produced from coal burning are mixed with fog. Long-range transportâMovement of pollutants tens to hundreds of kilometers downwind from a source. Looping plumeâBehavior of a plume under superadiabatic lapse rate conditions. Los Angeles-type smogâSmog produced as a result of photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. LoudnessâHuman perception of sound intensity. Low-emission vehiclesâMotor vehicles with significantly lower emissions than conventional vehicles; to be phased in under the 1990 CAA Amendments in areas subject to persistently high O3 levels. Glossary 454
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