write:Therecognition heuristic works fairly well if the subject knows that the city sherecognizes is large; if she knows it to be small however she will quitereasonably guess that the

and he has stressed their accuracyrather than the biases to which they inevitably lead. Much of the researchthat supports fast and frugal heuristic uses statistical simulations to showthat they could work in some real-life situations
but the evidence for thepsychological reality of these heuristics remains thin and contested. Themost memorable discovery associated with this approach is therecognition heuristic
illustrated by an example that has become well-known: a subject who is asked which of two cities is larger and recognizesone of them should guess that the one she recognizes is larger. Therecognition heuristic works fairly well if the subject knows that the city sherecognizes is large; if she knows it to be small
however
she will quitereasonably guess that the unknown city is larger. Contrary to the theory
thesubjects use more than the recognition cue: Daniel M. Oppenheimer
“NotSo Fast! (and Not So Frugal!): Rethinking the Recognition Heuristic
”Cognition 90 (2003): B1–B9. A weakness of the theory is that
from whatwe know of the mind
there is no need for heuristics to be frugal. The brainprocesses vast amounts of information in parallel
and the mind can be fastand accurate without ignoring information. Furthermore
it has been knownsince the early days of research on chess masters that skill need notconsist of learning to use less information. On the contrary
skill is moreoften an ability to deal with large amounts of information quickly andefficiently.best examples of substitution: Fritz Strack
Leonard L. Martin
and NorbertSchwarz
“Priming and Communication: Social Determinants ofInformation Use in Judgments of Life Satisfaction
” European Journal ofSocial Psychology 18 (1988): 429–42.correlations between psychological measures: The correlation was .66.dominates happiness reports: Other substitution topics include maritalsatisfaction
job satisfaction
and leisure time satisfaction: NorbertSchwarz
Fritz Strack
and Hans-Peter Mai
“Assimilation and ContrastEffects in Part-Whole Question Sequences: A Conversational LogicAnalysis
” Public Opinion Quarterly 55 (1991): 3–23.evaluate their happiness: A telephone survey conducted in Germanyincluded a question about general happiness. When the self-reports ofhappiness were correlated with the local weather at the time of theinterview
a pronounced correlation was found. Mood is known to vary withthe weather
and substitution explains the effect on reported happiness.However
another version of the telephone survey yielded a somewhatdifferent result. These respondents were asked about the current weatherbefore they were asked the happiness quest {ppiournal ofion. For them